Can deterministic effects be observed in non-human organisms?

Deterministic effects refer to biological effects that have a clear and direct cause-and-effect relationship with the dose of radiation exposure. These effects are characterized by a threshold dose, meaning that they do not occur below that threshold, and their severity typically increases with higher doses.

The correct answer highlights that deterministic effects can indeed be observed in non-human organisms. This is because the biological mechanisms that lead to these types of effects are similar across different species, not exclusive to humans. For instance, high doses of radiation can lead to damage in cells, tissue necrosis, or even death in various organisms, including plants, animals, and other living beings. Animal studies are often used to understand the potential effects of radiation exposure and its impact on health and ecology.

The other options suggest limitations that do not align with the general understanding of radiation effects in biology. The idea that these effects occur only in humans or only in certain species fails to recognize the broad applicability of scientific knowledge across different types of organisms. Similarly, the notion that they occur exclusively under laboratory conditions overlooks the reality that deterministic effects manifest in natural environments as well, provided the organisms are exposed to sufficient radiation levels.