Which statement is true regarding acute radiation effects?

Acute radiation effects are generally considered deterministic. This means that the severity of the effects is directly related to the dose of radiation received; higher doses result in more severe effects, and lower doses may not result in any observable effects at all. Deterministic effects occur shortly after exposure and can include symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and other acute health impacts that manifest soon after the exposure.

In contrast, stochastic effects are related to the probability of occurrence rather than the severity, and they typically manifest after longer periods. These effects do not have a clear threshold dose, making them fundamentally different from deterministic effects. Therefore, understanding that acute radiation effects require a sufficient dose to produce significant health impacts clarifies why the statement that acute radiation effects are generally deterministic is accurate.

The other choices do not align with the nature of acute radiation effects. Specific psychological effects might occur but are not categorized as acute radiation effects, and deterministic effects do have a threshold for observable symptoms, contrary to what some other statements suggest.